113 research outputs found
Energy-Aware Constrained Relay Node Deployment for Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks
© 2016 IEEE. This paper considers the problem of communication coverage for sustainable data forwarding in wireless sensor networks, where an energy-aware deployment model of relay nodes (RNs) is proposed. The model used in this paper considers constrained placement and is different from the existing one-tiered and two-tiered models. It supposes two different types of sensor nodes to be deployed, i) energy rich nodes (ERNs), and ii) energy limited nodes (ELNs). The aim is thus to use only the ERNs for relaying packets, while ELN's use will be limited to sensing and transmitting their own readings. A minimum number of RNs is added if necessary to help ELNs. This intuitively ensures sustainable coverage and prolongs the network lifetime. The problem is reduced to the traditional problem of minimum weighted connected dominating set (MWCDS) in a vertex weighted graph. It is then solved by taking advantage of the simple form of the weight function, both when deriving exact and approximate solutions. Optimal solution is derived using integer linear programming (ILP), and a heuristic is given for the approximate solution. Upper bounds for the approximation of the heuristic (versus the optimal solution) and for its runtime are formally derived. The proposed model and solutions are also evaluated by simulation. The proposed model is compared with the one-tiered and two-tiered models when using similar solution to determine RNs positions, i.e., minimum connected dominating set (MCDS) calculation. Results demonstrate the proposed model considerably improves the network life time compared to the one-tiered model, and this by adding a lower number of RNs compared to the two-tiered model. Further, both the heuristic and the ILP for the MWCDS are evaluated and compared with a state-of-the-art algorithm. The results show the proposed heuristic has runtime close to the ILP while clearly reducing the runtime compared to both ILP and existing heuristics. The results also demonstrate scalability of the proposed solution
Synchronization protocols and implementation issues in wireless sensor networks: A review
Time synchronization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a topic that has been attracting the research community in the last decade. Most performance evaluations of the proposed solutions have been limited to theoretical analysis and simulation. They consequently ignored several practical aspects, e.g., packet handling jitters, clock drifting, packet loss, and mote limitations, which affect real implementation on sensor motes. Authors of some pragmatic solutions followed empirical approaches for the evaluation, where the proposed solutions have been implemented on real motes and evaluated in testbed experiments. This paper gives an insight on issues related to the implementation of synchronization protocols in WSN. The challenges related to WSN environment are presented; the importance of real implementation and testbed evaluation are motivated by some experiments we conducted. The most relevant implementations of the literature are then reviewed, discussed, and qualitatively compared. While there are several survey papers that present and compare the protocols from the conception perspectives, as well as others that deal with mathematical and signal processing issues of the estimators, a survey on practical aspects related to the implementation is missing. To our knowledge, this paper is the first one that takes into account the practical aspect of existing solutions
Optimization of Flow Allocation in Asynchronous Deterministic 5G Transport Networks by Leveraging Data Analytics
This research work was supported in part by the Euro-
pean Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program
under the “Cloud for Holography and Augmented Reality
(CHARITY)” Project under Agreement 101016509, and 5G-
CLARITY Project under Agreement 871428. It is also partially
supported by the Spanish national research project TRUE5G:
PID2019-108713RB-C53.Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) and Deterministic
Networking (DetNet) technologies are increasingly recognized as
key levers of the future 5G transport networks (TNs) due to their
capabilities for providing deterministic Quality-of-Service and
enabling the coexistence of critical and best-effort services. Addi-
tionally, they rely on programmable and cost-effective Ethernet-
based forwarding planes. This article addresses the flow alloca-
tion problem in 5G backhaul networks realized as asynchronous
TSN networks, whose building block is the Asynchronous Traffic
Shaper. We propose an offline solution, dubbed “Next Generation
Transport Network Optimizer” (NEPTUNO), that combines ex-
act optimization methods and heuristic techniques and leverages
data analytics to solve the flow allocation problem. NEPTUNO
aims to maximize the flow acceptance ratio while guaranteeing
the deterministic Quality-of-Service requirements of the critical
flows. We carried out a performance evaluation of NEPTUNO
regarding the degree of optimality, execution time, and flow
rejection ratio. Furthermore, we compare NEPTUNO with a
novel online baseline solution for two different optimization goals.
Online methods compute the flow’s allocation configuration right
after the flow arrives at the network, whereas offline solutions
like NEPTUNO compute a long-term configuration allocation for
the whole network. Our results highlight the potential of data
analytics for the self-optimization of the future 5G TNs.Union’s Horizon 2020, 1010165095G-CLARITY 871428TRUE5G: PID2019-108713RB-C53
Deep Reinforcement Learning based Collision Avoidance in UAV Environment
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have recently
attracted both academia and industry representatives due to
their utilization in tremendous emerging applications. Most
UAV applications adopt Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) due to
ongoing regulations. There is a consensus between industry for
extending UAVs’ commercial operations to cover the urban and
populated area controlled airspace Beyond VLOS (BVLOS).
There is ongoing regulation for enabling BVLOS UAV management. Regrettably, this comes with unavoidable challenges
related to UAVs’ autonomy for detecting and avoiding static
and mobile objects. An intelligent component should either
be deployed onboard the UAV or at a Multi-Access Edge
Computing (MEC) that can read the gathered data from
different UAV’s sensors, process them, and then make the
right decision to detect and avoid the physical collision. The
sensing data should be collected using various sensors but
not limited to Lidar, depth camera, video, or ultrasonic. This
paper proposes probabilistic and Deep Reinforcement Learning
(DRL)-based algorithms for avoiding collisions while saving
energy consumption. The proposed algorithms can be either run
on top of the UAV or at the MEC according to the UAV capacity
and the task overhead. We have designed and developed
our algorithms to work for any environment without a need
for any prior knowledge. The proposed solutions have been
evaluated in a harsh environment that consists of many UAVs
moving randomly in a small area without any correlation. The
obtained results demonstrated the efficiency of these solutions
for avoiding the collision while saving energy consumption in
familiar and unfamiliar environments.This work has been partially funded by the Spanish national project TRUE-5G (PID2019-108713RB-C53)
One-step approach for two-tiered constrained relay node placement in wireless sensor networks
© 2012 IEEE. We consider in this letter the problem of constrained relay node (RN) placement where sensor nodes must be connected to base stations by using a minimum number of RNs. The latter can only be deployed at a set of predefined locations, and the two-Tiered topology is considered where only RNs are responsible for traffic forwarding. We propose a one-step constrained RN placement (OSRP) algorithm which yields a network tree. The performance of OSRP in terms of the number of added RNs is investigated in a simulation study by varying the network density, the number of sensor nodes, and the number of candidate RN positions. The results show that OSRP outperforms the only algorithm in the literature for two-Tiered constrained RNs placement
Optimal placement of relay nodes over limited positions in wireless sensor networks
This paper tackles the challenge of optimally placing relay nodes (RNs) in wireless sensor networks given a limited set of positions. The proposed solution consists of: 1) the usage of a realistic physical layer model based on a Rayleigh block-fading channel; 2) the calculation of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) considering the path loss, fast fading, and interference; and 3) the usage of a weighted communication graph drawn based on outage probabilities determined from the calculated SINR for every communication link. Overall, the proposed solution aims for minimizing the outage probabilities when constructing the routing tree, by adding a minimum number of RNs that guarantee connectivity. In comparison to the state-of-the art solutions, the conducted simulations reveal that the proposed solution exhibits highly encouraging results at a reasonable cost in terms of the number of added RNs. The gain is proved high in terms of extending the network lifetime, reducing the end-to-end- delay, and increasing the goodput
Dynamic Resource Provisioning of a Scalable E2E Network Slicing Orchestration System
Network slicing allows different applications and
network services to be deployed on virtualized resources running
on a common underlying physical infrastructure. Developing
a scalable system for the orchestration of end-to-end (E2E)
mobile network slices requires careful planning and very reliable
algorithms. In this paper, we propose a novel E2E Network
Slicing Orchestration System (NSOS) and a Dynamic Auto-
Scaling Algorithm (DASA) for it. Our NSOS relies strongly on
the foundation of a hierarchical architecture that incorporates
dedicated entities per domain to manage every segment of the
mobile network from the access, to the transport and core
network part for a scalable orchestration of federated network
slices. The DASA enables the NSOS to autonomously adapt
its resources to changes in the demand for slice orchestration
requests (SORs) while enforcing a given mean overall time taken
by the NSOS to process any SOR. The proposed DASA includes
both proactive and reactive resource provisioning techniques).
The proposed resource dimensioning heuristic algorithm of the
DASA is based on a queuing model for the NSOS, which consists
of an open network of G/G/m queues. Finally, we validate the
proper operation and evaluate the performance of our DASA
solution for the NSOS by means of system-level simulations.This research work is partially supported by the European
Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under
the 5G!Pagoda project, the MATILDA project and the
Academy of Finland 6Genesis project with grant agreement
No. 723172, No. 761898 and No. 318927, respectively. It was
also partially funded by the Academy of Finland Project CSN
- under Grant Agreement 311654 and the Spanish Ministry of
Education, Culture and Sport (FPU Grant 13/04833), and the
Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the
European Regional Development Fund (TEC2016-76795-C6-
4-R)
mMTC Deployment over Sliceable Infrastructure: The Megasense Scenario
Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) has long been identified as a major vertical sector and enabler of the industry 4.0 technological evolution that will seamlessly ease the dynamics of machine-to-machine communications while leveraging 5G technology. To advance this concept, we have developed and tested an mMTC network slice called Megasense. Megasense is a complete framework that consists of multiple software modules, which is used for collecting and analyzing air pollution data that emanates from a massive amount of air pollution sensors. Taking advantage of 5G networks, Megasense will significantly benefit from an underlying communication network that is traditionally elastic and can accommodate the on-demand changes in requirements of such a use case. As a result, deploying the sensor nodes over a sliceable 5G system is deemed the most appropriate in satisfying the resource requirements of such a use case scenario. In this light, in order to verify how 5G-ready our Megasense solution is, we deployed it over a network slice that is totally composed of virtual resources. We have also evaluated the impact of the network slicing platform on Megasense in terms of bandwidth and resource utilization. We further tested the performances of the Megasense system and come up with different deployment recommendations based on which the Megasense system would function optimally.Peer reviewe
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